Academic Insights on Investing

Academic Research Insight: The Importance of Financial Literacy

Employees Financial Literacy and Retirement Plan Behavior: A Case Study

  • Robert Clark, Annamaria Lusardi, Olivia Mitchell
  • Economic Inquiry, forthcoming
  • A version of this paper can be found here
  • Want to read our summaries of academic finance papers? Check out our Academic Research Insight category.

What are the research questions?

The literature shows that people score poorly on financial knowledge tests. This reality is prompting many employers to provide financial education because financially stressed employees are seen as being less productive.
The authors analyze data, as of April 2013, from 21,000 Federal Reserve employees in the United States. The data consists of anonymized records on each employee’s contribution rates and investment allocations as well as the results ( 16% of the 21,000 employees responded) of a 5 questions survey capturing the level of financial literacy.
They ask the following research question:
  1. Are survey respondents more likely to contribute to the plan?
  2. Are the more financially literate respondents more likely to contribute to the plan?
  3. Do the respondents contribute a higher rate to the plan?
  4. Do the financially literate contribute a higher rate to the plan?
  5. Do survey respondents invest differently?
  6. Do the financially literate invest differently?

What are the Academic Insights?

The following insights are measured pre-survey:

  1. YES- On average, survey respondents are 6.3% more likely to contribute to the DC plan.
  2. YES- Of those who responded, the workers scoring 4-5 correct answers are 13.4% more likely to be contributing to the plan compared to the least financially savvy ones. Differently, those scoring 2-3 answers correctly are 6.8% more likely to contribute compared to the least financially savvy.
  3. YES Across the full sample, the average contribution rate to the plan is 8.7%. The authors find that those who responded to the survey contribute 1% more of their salaries compared to the non-respondents.
  4. YES- those who are more financially literate contribute an additional 2.6% of their earnings to the plan compared to those who are less financially literate.
  5. YES- those who responded held 3.7% more of their assets in equities.
  6. YES- the financially literate held 14.6% more of their assets in equities.

The authors continued the study by measuring any material changes in the retirement plan behavior, one year after the survey was taken.

Here are the key takeaways:

  1. After completing the survey, 5% of workers who did not contribute to the plan in 2013, started contributing the following year
  2. Workers who completed the survey were also less likely to have stopped contributing one year later

Why does it matter?

While this study is specific to employees of the Federal Reserve, a few lessons can be drawn from the analysis:

  1. Financial literacy (together with marital status, salary, and tenure) is a predictor of participation and contribution levels to a retirement plan.
  2. More financially knowledgeable employees are more likely to participate, contribute more of their salaries and hold more equities in their accounts.
  3. Areas of improvements: fewer than half the respondents to the survey were knowledgeable about the tax-deferred properties of the DC plan contributions.Hence, targeted information and education on this important aspect of retirement could be beneficial to improve savings decisions.
  4. Overall, education programs intended to boost retirement savings can add a lot of value!

The Most Important Chart from the Paper:

The results are hypothetical results and are NOT an indicator of future results and do NOT represent returns that any investor actually attained. Indexes are unmanaged, do not reflect management or trading fees, and one cannot invest directly in an index.


Abstract

This paper uses administrative data on all active employees of the Federal Reserve System to examine participation in and contributions to the Thrift Saving Plan, the system’s defined contribution (DC) plan. We have appended to the administrative records a unique employee survey of economic/demographic factors including a set of financial literacy questions. Not surprisingly, Federal Reserve employees are more financially literate than the general population; furthermore, the most financially savvy are also most likely to participate in and contribute the most to their plan. Sophisticated workers contribute three percentage points more of their earnings to the DC plan than do the less knowledgeable, and they hold more equity in their pension accounts. Finally, we examine changes in employee plan behavior a year after the financial literacy survey and compare it to the baseline. We find that employees who completed an educational module were more likely to start contributing and less likely to have stopped contributing to the DC plan post-survey.


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